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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Analysis of the NCR Mechanisms in Hanseniaspora vineae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae During Winemaking&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                <text>There is increasing interest in the use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in winemaking due to their positive attributes. The non-Saccharomyces yeast Hanseniaspora vineae is an apiculate yeast that has been associated with the production of wine with good fermentation capacity and an increase in aromatic properties. However, this yeast represents a concern in mixed culture fermentation because of its nutrient consumption, especially nitrogen, as its mechanisms of regulation and consumption are still unknown. In this study, we analyzed the nitrogen consumption, as well as the nitrogen catabolism repression (NCR) mechanism, in two genome-sequenced H. vineae strains, using synthetic must fermentations. The use of synthetic must with an established nitrogen content allowed us to study the NCR mechanism in H. vineae, following the amino acid and ammonia consumption, and the expression of genes known to be regulated by the NCR mechanism in S. cerevisiae, AGP1, GAP1, MEP2, and PUT2. H. vineae exhibited a similar amino acid consumption and gene expression profile to S. cerevisiae. However, the wine strain of S. cerevisiae QA23 consumed ammonia and valine more quickly and, in contrast, tyrosine and tryptophan more slowly, than the H. vineae strains. Our results showed a similar behavior of nitrogen regulation in H. vineae and S. cerevisiae, indicating the presence of the NCR mechanism in this Hanseniaspora yeast differentiated before the whole genome duplication event of the Saccharomyces complex. Future study will elucidate if the NCR mechanism is the only strategy used by H. vineae to optimize nitrogen consumpti</text>
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                <text>Frontiers in Genetics v. 9, 2019.-- 9p.--e747</text>
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&lt;p&gt;(Por favor lea este aviso antes de abrir los documentos u objetos)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; La legislaci&amp;oacute;n uruguaya protege el derecho&lt;/strong&gt; de autor sobre toda creaci&amp;oacute;n literaria, cient&amp;iacute;fica o art&amp;iacute;stica, tanto en lo que tiene que ver con sus derechos morales, como en lo referente a los derechos patrimoniales con sujeci&amp;oacute;n a lo establecido por el derecho com&amp;uacute;n y las siguientes leyes (LEY 9.739 DE 17 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1937 SOBRE PROPIEDAD LITERARIA Y ARTISTICA CON LAS MODIFICACIONES INTRODUCIDAS POR LA LEY DE DERECHO DE AUTOR Y DERECHOS CONEXOS No. 17.616 DE 10 DE ENERO DE 2003, LEY 17.805 DE 26 DE AGOSTO DE 2004, LEY 18.046 DE 24 DE OCTUBRE DE 2006)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ADVERTENCIA -&lt;/strong&gt; La consulta de este documento queda condicionada a la aceptaci&amp;oacute;n de las siguientes condiciones de uso: Este documento es &amp;uacute;nicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigaci&amp;oacute;n y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducci&amp;oacute;n con fines de lucro. Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto los datos del documento como a sus contenidos. En la utilizaci&amp;oacute;n o cita de partes debe indicarse el nombre de la persona autora.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;(Por favor lea este aviso antes de abrir los documentos u objetos)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La legislaci&amp;oacute;n uruguaya&lt;/strong&gt; protege el derecho de autor sobre toda creaci&amp;oacute;n literaria, cient&amp;iacute;fica o art&amp;iacute;stica, tanto en lo que tiene que ver con sus derechos morales, como en lo referente a los derechos patrimoniales con sujeci&amp;oacute;n a lo establecido por el derecho com&amp;uacute;n y las siguientes leyes&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;(LEY 9.739 DE 17 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1937 SOBRE PROPIEDAD LITERARIA Y ARTISTICA CON LAS MODIFICACIONES INTRODUCIDAS POR LA LEY DE DERECHO DE AUTOR Y DERECHOS CONEXOS No. 17.616 DE 10 DE ENERO DE 2003, LEY 17.805 DE 26 DE AGOSTO DE 2004, LEY 18.046 DE 24 DE OCTUBRE DE 2006 LEY 18.046 DE 24 DE OCTUBRE DE 2006)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ADVERTENCIA&lt;/strong&gt; - La consulta de este documento queda condicionada a la aceptaci&amp;oacute;n de las siguientes condiciones de uso: Este documento es &amp;uacute;nicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigaci&amp;oacute;n y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducci&amp;oacute;n con fines de lucro. Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto los datos del documento como a sus contenidos. En la utilizaci&amp;oacute;n o cita de partes debe indicarse el nombre de la persona autora.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>This paper reports the production of monoterpenes, which elicit a floral aroma in wine, by strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Terpenes, which are typical components of the essential oils of flowers and fruits, are also present as free and glycosylated conjugates amongst the secondary metabolites of certain wine grape varieties of Vitis vinifera. Hence, when these compounds are present in wine they are considered to originate from grape and not fermentation. However, the biosynthesis of monoterpenes by S. cerevisiae in the absence of grape derived precursors is shown here to be of de novo origin in wine yeast strains. Higher concentration of assimilable nitrogen increased accumulation of linalool and citronellol. Microaerobic compared with anaerobic conditions favored terpene accumulation in the ferment. The amount of linalool produced by some strains of S. cerevisiae could be of sensory importance in wine production. These unexpected results are discussed in relation to the known sterol biosynthetic pathway and to an alternative pathway for terpene biosynthesis not previously described in yeast.</text>
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                <text>Different commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains have been applied at the winemaking level, trying to establish a dominant population of selected strains from the start of fermentation and ensuring the complete consumption of sugars. Although a large population of active yeast cells can be introduced in the inoculated wines, resulting in a complete fermentation, this does not necessarily mean an improvement of the sensory characteristics of the wines. The impact of the size of the inocula in wine quality parameters has been very little studied, and in no case the nutrient balance of the grape must utilized was taken into account. In this work we present results obtained for wine aroma compounds at three inoculum levels (104, 105 and 106 cells/mL), and two different yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) in a white grape must, using two S. cerevisiae strains commonly used for winemaking. A significant effect in the final concentrations of higher alcohols, esters, fatty acids, free monoterpenes and lactones was attributed to the size of inoculum in both strains but not in an easily predictable way. However, a consistent increase of desired aroma compounds (esters, lactones and free monoterpenes), and a decrease of less desired compounds for white wine (higher alcohols and medium chain fatty acids), was shown at inoculum sizes of 105 cells/mL for both strains in real winemaking conditions. In a discriminant analysis six aroma compounds discriminate the three inoculum sizes for all wine samples: 1,8-terpine, hodiol I (trans-3,7-dimethyl-1,5-octadiene-3,7-diol), isobutyl alcohol, iso C4 acid, ethyl C6 ester and C8 acid.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;(Por favor lea este aviso antes de abrir los documentos u objetos)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ADVERTENCIA&lt;/strong&gt; - La consulta de este documento queda condicionada a la aceptaci&amp;oacute;n de las siguientes condiciones de uso: Este documento es &amp;uacute;nicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigaci&amp;oacute;n y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducci&amp;oacute;n con fines de lucro. Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto los datos del documento como a sus contenidos. En la utilizaci&amp;oacute;n o cita de partes debe indicarse el nombre de la persona autora.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Aplicaci&amp;oacute;n de la levadura Hanseniaspora vineae en cultivos mixtos con Saccharomyces cerevisiae en la vinificaci&amp;oacute;n&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                <text>Las levaduras juegan un papel fundamental en la transformaci&amp;oacute;n del jugo de uva en vino resaltando principalmente la expresi&amp;oacute;n de los aromas de las variedades utilizadas y aportando aromas de fermentaci&amp;oacute;n que pueden enriquecer y resaltar el vino obtenido en concentraci&amp;oacute;n y complejidad sensorial. Este trabajo propone la aplicaci&amp;oacute;n de nuevas cepas no-Saccharomyces (no-Sac) nativas, aisladas en Uruguay, como pretratamiento de uvas tintas previo a la inoculaci&amp;oacute;n de una cepa comercial, con el objetivo de enriquecer con mayor complejidad arom&amp;aacute;tica vinos de alta gama. Con este objetivo, se realizaron aislamientos de cepas nativas de diferentes uvas y mostos tintos. Como m&amp;eacute;todo de selecci&amp;oacute;n se evalu&amp;oacute; la capacidad fermentativa y el aporte arom&amp;aacute;tico de cada cepa en medios de bajo nitr&amp;oacute;geno (menos de 150mgN/L). El resultado de esta selecci&amp;oacute;n fue la elecci&amp;oacute;n de 4 cepas no-Sac que presentaban adem&amp;aacute;s de buenas condiciones de vinificaci&amp;oacute;n, ausencia de defectos arom&amp;aacute;ticos pero con un aporte destacable sobre las caracter&amp;iacute;sticas sensoriales. Estas cepas fueron evaluadas en cultivos mixtos con una cepa comercial de Saccharomyces (L254) para simular las condiciones de fermentaci&amp;oacute;n a nivel de bodega. Las fermentaciones fueron analizadas por GC-MS para caracterizar las cepas utilizadas en cultivos mixtos en comparaci&amp;oacute;n con la cepa Saccharomyces pura. Finalmente se seleccion&amp;oacute; una cepa no-Sac (02/5A) como la m&amp;aacute;s propicia para realizar un escalado a nivel industrial que fue clasificada como Hanseniaspora vineae por an&amp;aacute;lisis del ADN ribosomal en las regiones D1/D2. El secado a nivel piloto de la cepa y su aplicaci&amp;oacute;n a nivel de bodega fueron considerados &amp;oacute;ptimos en cuanto a su viabilidad celular al momento de la inoculaci&amp;oacute;n. La aplicaci&amp;oacute;n de levaduras de este tipo asegura el desarrollo de fermentaciones con mayor biodiversidad sin riesgos de la aparici&amp;oacute;n de vinos con defectos, uno de los objetivos de la Enolog&amp;iacute;a de M&amp;iacute;nima Intervenci&amp;oacute;n (EMI).</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Informaci&amp;oacute;n sobre Derechos de Autor&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;(Por favor lea este aviso antes de abrir los documentos u objetos)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La legislaci&amp;oacute;n uruguaya protege el derecho&lt;/strong&gt; de autor sobre toda creaci&amp;oacute;n literaria, cient&amp;iacute;fica o art&amp;iacute;stica, tanto en lo que tiene que ver con sus derechos morales, como en lo referente a los derechos patrimoniales con sujeci&amp;oacute;n a lo establecido por el derecho com&amp;uacute;n y las siguientes leyes (LEY 9.739 DE 17 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1937 SOBRE PROPIEDAD LITERARIA Y ARTISTICA CON LAS MODIFICACIONES INTRODUCIDAS POR LA LEY DE DERECHO DE AUTOR Y DERECHOS CONEXOS No. 17.616 DE 10 DE ENERO DE 2003, LEY 17.805 DE 26 DE AGOSTO DE 2004, LEY 18.046 DE 24 DE OCTUBRE DE 2006 LEY 18.046 DE 24 DE OCTUBRE DE 2006)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ADVERTENCIA -&lt;/strong&gt; La consulta de este documento queda condicionada a la aceptaci&amp;oacute;n de las siguientes condiciones de uso: Este documento es &amp;uacute;nicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigaci&amp;oacute;n y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducci&amp;oacute;n con fines de lucro. Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto los datos del documento como a sus contenidos. En la utilizaci&amp;oacute;n o cita de partes debe indicarse el nombre de la persona autora.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Most of the yeast strains used in fermented beverages and foods are classified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, different strains are suitable for different fermentation processes. The purpose of this work is the proposal of a standardized methodology for the molecular genotyping of S. cerevisiae strains based on polymorphisms at microsatellite loci and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Single nucleotide variants in the coding region of FLO8, a key regulator of flocculation and pseudohyphae formation, were analyzed in a subset of Uruguayan wine strains. Polymorphism analysis at nine microsatellite loci (selected from 33 loci tested) was performed in a collection of 120 strains, mostly wine strains, from different origins. From a total of 184 different alleles scored, 50 were exclusive alleles that could identify 29 strains. Four selected microsatellite loci are located within or near genes of putative enological interest. The Uruguayan strains are highly diverse and evenly distributed in the phylogenetic reconstructions, suggesting an evolutionary history previous to human use. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Microsatellites and SNPs Genotyping Database is presented (http://www.pasteur.edu.uy/yeast). Comparison of standardized results from strains coming from different settings (industrial, clinical, environmental) will provide a reliable and growing source of information on the molecular biodiversity of S. cerevisiae strains.</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Jubany Gonz&amp;aacute;lez, Sandra&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Arrambide, Nicol&amp;aacute;s&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Naya Monteverde, Hugo Mario&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                <text>FEMS Yeast Research v. 8, no. 3, 2008. -- p. 472-484</text>
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                <text>Wiley Online Library</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Production of fermentation aroma compounds by Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeasts: effects of yeast assimilable nitrogen on two model strains&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                <text>The contribution of yeast fermentation metabolites to the aromatic profile of wine is well documented; however, the biotechnological application of this knowledge, apart from strain selection, is still rather limited and often contradictory. Understanding and modeling the relationship between nutrient availability and the production of desirable aroma compounds by different strains must be one of the main objectives in the selection of industrial yeasts for the beverage and food industry. In order to overcome the variability in the composition of grape juices, we have used a chemically defined model medium for studying yeast physiological behavior and metabolite production in response to nitrogen supplementation so as to identify an appropriate yeast assimilable nitrogen level for strain differentiation. At low initial nitrogen concentrations, strain KU1 produced higher quantities of esters and fatty acids whereas M522 produced higher concentrations of isoacids, g-butyrolactone, higher alcohols and 3-methylthio-1-propanol. We propose that although strains KU1 and M522 have a similar nitrogen consumption profile, they represent useful models for the chemical characterization of wine strains in relation to wine quality. The differential production of aroma compounds by the two strains is discussed in relation to their capacity for nitrogen usage and their impact on winemaking. The results obtained here will help to develop targeted metabolic footprinting methods for the discrimination of industrial yeasts.</text>
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                <text>EMS Yeast Research v.8, no. 7, 2008. -- p.1196-1207</text>
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&lt;p&gt;(Por favor lea este aviso antes de abrir los documentos u objetos)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La legislaci&amp;oacute;n uruguaya&lt;/strong&gt; protege el derecho de autor sobre toda creaci&amp;oacute;n literaria, cient&amp;iacute;fica o art&amp;iacute;stica, tanto en lo que tiene que ver con sus derechos morales, como en lo referente a los derechos patrimoniales con sujeci&amp;oacute;n a lo establecido por el derecho com&amp;uacute;n y las siguientes leyes&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;(LEY 9.739 DE 17 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1937 SOBRE PROPIEDAD LITERARIA Y ARTISTICA CON LAS MODIFICACIONES INTRODUCIDAS POR LA LEY DE DERECHO DE AUTOR Y DERECHOS CONEXOS No. 17.616 DE 10 DE ENERO DE 2003, LEY 17.805 DE 26 DE AGOSTO DE 2004, LEY 18.046 DE 24 DE OCTUBRE DE 2006 LEY 18.046 DE 24 DE OCTUBRE DE 2006)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ADVERTENCIA&lt;/strong&gt; - La consulta de este documento queda condicionada a la aceptaci&amp;oacute;n de las siguientes condiciones de uso: Este documento es &amp;uacute;nicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigaci&amp;oacute;n y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducci&amp;oacute;n con fines de lucro. Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto los datos del documento como a sus contenidos. En la utilizaci&amp;oacute;n o cita de partes debe indicarse el nombre de la persona autora.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Although redox state is a well-known key process parameter in microbial activity, its impact on wine volatile aroma compounds produced during fermentation has not been studied in detail. In this study we report the effect of reductive and microaerobic conditions on wine aroma compound production using different initial amounts of yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN: 180 and 400 mg N/l) in a simil grape must defined medium and two S. cerevisiae strains commonly used in wine-making. In batch fermentation culture conditions, reductive conditions were obtained using flasks plugged with Muller valves filled with sulphuric acid; while microaerobic conditions were attained with defined cotton plugs. It was found that significant differences in redox potential were obtained using the different plugs, and with variation of over 100 mV during the main fermentation period. Significant differences in the final concentration of higher alcohols, esters and fatty acids were attributed to differences in the redox state in the medium in both strains. A consistent increase in esters and medium chain fatty acids, as well as a decrease of higher alcohols and isoacids, was seen under reductive fermentation conditions. Interestingly, 1-propanol, d-butyrolactone and ethyl lactate concentrations, showed no significant variation under the different redox conditions. A better understanding of the influence of redox state of the fermentation medium on the composition of volatile compounds in wine could enable improvement of vinification management. From a microbiological standpoint results presented here will contribute to the standardization of data models for the application of metabolic footprinting methods for wine yeast strain phenotyping and characterization&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;(Por favor lea este aviso antes de abrir los documentos u objetos)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La legislaci&amp;oacute;n uruguaya&lt;/strong&gt; protege el derecho de autor sobre toda creaci&amp;oacute;n literaria, cient&amp;iacute;fica o art&amp;iacute;stica, tanto en lo que tiene que ver con sus derechos morales, como en lo referente a los derechos patrimoniales con sujeci&amp;oacute;n a lo establecido por el derecho com&amp;uacute;n y las siguientes leyes&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;(LEY 9.739 DE 17 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1937 SOBRE PROPIEDAD LITERARIA Y ARTISTICA CON LAS MODIFICACIONES INTRODUCIDAS POR LA LEY DE DERECHO DE AUTOR Y DERECHOS CONEXOS No. 17.616 DE 10 DE ENERO DE 2003, LEY 17.805 DE 26 DE AGOSTO DE 2004, LEY 18.046 DE 24 DE OCTUBRE DE 2006 LEY 18.046 DE 24 DE OCTUBRE DE 2006)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ADVERTENCIA&lt;/strong&gt; - La consulta de este documento queda condicionada a la aceptaci&amp;oacute;n de las siguientes condiciones de uso: Este documento es &amp;uacute;nicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigaci&amp;oacute;n y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducci&amp;oacute;n con fines de lucro. Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto los datos del documento como a sus contenidos. En la utilizaci&amp;oacute;n o cita de partes debe indicarse el nombre de la persona autora.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;Yeast produces numerous secondary metabolites during fermentation that impact final wine quality. Although it is widely recognized that growth of diverse non-Saccharomyces (NS) yeast can positively affect flavor complexity during Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine fermentation, the inability to control spontaneous or co-fermentation processes by NS yeast has restricted their use in winemaking. We selected two NS yeasts from our Uruguayan native collection to study NS&amp;ndash;S. cerevisiae interactions during wine fermentation. The selected strains of Hanseniaspora vineae and Metschnikowia pulcherrima had different yeast assimilable nitrogen consumption profiles and had different effects on S. cerevisiae fermentation and growth kinetics. Studies in which we varied inoculum size and using either simultaneous or sequential inoculation of NS yeast and S. cerevisiae suggested that competition for nutrients had a significant effect on fermentation kinetics. Sluggish fermentations were more pronounced when S. cerevisiae was inoculated 24 h after the initial stage of fermentation with a NS strain compared to co-inoculation. Monitoring strain populations using differential WL nutrient agar medium and fermentation kinetics of mixed cultures allowed for a better understanding of strain interactions and nutrient addition effects. Limitation of nutrient availability for S. cerevisiae was shown to result in stuck fermentations as well as to reduce sensory desirability of the resulting wine. Addition of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and a vitamin mix to a defined medium allowed for a comparison of nutrient competition between strains. Addition of DAP and the vitamin mix was most effective in preventing stuck fermentations.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Medina, Karina&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Food Microbiology v. 157, 2012. -- p. 245-250</text>
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                <text>&lt;p align="LEFT"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Informaci&amp;oacute;n sobre Derechos de Autor&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;(Por favor lea este aviso antes de abrir los documentos u objetos)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La legislaci&amp;oacute;n uruguaya&lt;/strong&gt; protege el derecho de autor sobre toda creaci&amp;oacute;n literaria, cient&amp;iacute;fica o art&amp;iacute;stica, tanto en lo que tiene que ver con sus derechos morales, como en lo referente a los derechos patrimoniales con sujeci&amp;oacute;n a lo establecido por el derecho com&amp;uacute;n y las siguientes leyes&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;(LEY 9.739 DE 17 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1937 SOBRE PROPIEDAD LITERARIA Y ARTISTICA CON LAS MODIFICACIONES INTRODUCIDAS POR LA LEY DE DERECHO DE AUTOR Y DERECHOS CONEXOS No. 17.616 DE 10 DE ENERO DE 2003, LEY 17.805 DE 26 DE AGOSTO DE 2004, LEY 18.046 DE 24 DE OCTUBRE DE 2006 LEY 18.046 DE 24 DE OCTUBRE DE 2006)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ADVERTENCIA&lt;/strong&gt; - La consulta de este documento queda condicionada a la aceptaci&amp;oacute;n de las siguientes condiciones de uso: Este documento es &amp;uacute;nicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigaci&amp;oacute;n y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducci&amp;oacute;n con fines de lucro. Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto los datos del documento como a sus contenidos. En la utilizaci&amp;oacute;n o cita de partes debe indicarse el nombre de la persona autora.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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